Adverbs

Most adverbs are formed from an adjective:
easy (-y) + ily        = easily            
complete + ly       = completely  
automatic + ally   = automatically      
horrible (-le) + ly  = horribly  
happy(-y) + ily     = happily        
nice + ly               = nicely          
romantic  + ally    = romantically        
simple   (-le) + ly  = simply


Some adverbs have the same form as an adjective:
close, daily, early, fast, hard, high, right

Adjective  
Susan is fast          (tells the way she is)           fast is an adjective

Adverb      
Susan runs fast       (tells the way she runs)       fast is an adverb

Adverbs of frequency

If the sentence has one verb (e.g. no auxiliary verb) put the adverb of frequency  in the middle of the sentence after the subject and before the verb.

Example: Tom usually goes to work by car.

Come after the verb 'be':

Example: I am never late for work.

If the sentence has more than one verb (e.g. auxiliary verb), put the adverb of frequency before the main verb.

Examples: I can never remember anything!

Adverbs of manner

It cannot be put between a verb and its direct object. The adverb must be placed either before the verb or at the end of the clause.

EXAMPLES

He ate greedily the chocolate cake. [incorrect]

He ate the chocolate cake greedily. [correct]

He greedily ate the chocolate cake. [correct]

He gave us generously the money. [incorrect]

He gave us the money generously. [correct]

He generously gave us the money. [correct]

USE 1

Adverbs can be used to modify verbs.

Examples:

John walked quickly towards the door.
Sally sat silently waiting for somebody else to speak first.

USE 2

Adverbs can be used to modify adjectives.

Examples:

The redwood tree was impressively tall.
The blouse was outrageously expensive.

USE 3

Adverbs can be used to modify other adverbs.

Examples:

She spoke extremely confidently.
The cheetah ran incredibly quickly.

Adverbs of manner 
Describe how something happens. Where there are two or more verbs in a sentence, adverb placement affects the meaning. Some commonly used adverbs of manner include:

carefully
correctly
eagerly
easily
fast
loudly
patiently
quickly
quietly
well

Adverbs of purpose 
Describe why something happens. Here are some common examples:

accidentally
intentionally
purposely
deliberately

Adverbs of frequency 
Describe how often something happens. The following adverbs are commonly used in this way:

always
every
never
often
rarely
seldom
sometimes
usually

Adverbs of time 
Describe when something happens. These examples are commonly used:

after
already
during
finally
just
last
later
next
now
recently
soon

Advanced adverbs!

half-heartedly
quizically
distractedly
emphatically
impatiently
disinterestedly
eagerly
dismissively
wearily
accusingly

Practice

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=8387

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=8386

Vocabulary to Describe a Dramatic Event

Words to convey how terrible something is:

To describe something

•Shocking

•Distressing

•Horrifying

•Appalling

•Sickening

•Devestating

•Heartbreaking

To describe feelings

•To be shocked

•To be distressed

•To be horrified

•To be appalled

•To be sickened

•To be devestated

•To be heartbroken

Negative words to describe a person

         Evil

•Monstrous

•Ruthless (no mercy)

•Depraved (morally bad)

Crazy

•Deranged

•Deluded (incorrect judgment)

•Insane

Adverbs for Emphasis (Very)

•Highly dangerous

•Extremely upsetting

•Completely crazy

•Totally deluded

•Extraordinarily heartbreaking

The Man from the South

ACTIVITY 1

For each of the characters, you need to choose the best possible quotations and analyse them...

Step 1 - What characteristics does the character have?

Step 2 - Find good quotations (at least 3) which reveal certain characteristics

Step 3 - Think of a way to infer from the quotation

Step 4 - Use your best, most precise vocabulary in writing your analysis (use the 'explain verbs' handout)

For the oldish man x 2

“...................................”	This could suggest that... The word ‘......’ emphasises...
“...................................”	This shows... The reader...

For the cadet x 2

“...................................”	This quotation reflects the cadet’s... He is also described as “....” which reiterates...
“...................................”	Ostensibly, this quotation... The effect of this quotation/word is ...

For the narrator x 2

“...................................”	From this passage, the reader can infer that... However, perhaps...
“...................................”	The reader is given the impression... This characteristic is repeated later in the story, when...

ACITIVITY 2

How does Roald Dahl build tension in this story? Analyse three different points with quotations.

·      Firstly.../ The opening of the story... / Initially...

Words / Adjectives such as...

·      Gradually...

The reader... / The atmosphere/mood begins to change when...

This is apparent in the passage / quotation...

·      Towards the end of the story, the tension is increased when...

The use of short sentences like ‘...’

Reported Speech

Tense Changes When Using Reported Speech

Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:

She said, "I am tired."  She said that she was tired.

The changes are shown below:

Simple present		Simple past
"I always drink coffee", she said		She said that she always drankcoffee.
Present continuous		Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained.		He explained that he was reading a book
Simple past		Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.		He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
Present perfect		Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me.		He told me that he had been to Spain
Past perfect		Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.		He explained that he had just turned out the light.
Present perfect continuous		Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have beenwaiting for hours".		They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuous		Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me.		They told me that they had been living in Paris.
Future		Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said		He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuous		Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".		She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-1.html

We use reporting verbs to report what someone said more accurately than using say and tell.

Verb + infinitive

agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten

• They agreed to meet on Friday.
• He refused to take his coat off.

Verb + noun + infinitive

advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn

• Tom advised me to go home early.
• She reminded me to telephone my mother.

Verb + gerund

deny, recommend, suggest

• They recommended taking the bus.
• She suggested meeting a little earlier.

Verb + noun + preposition (+ gerund)

accuse, blame, congratulate

• He accused me of taking the money.
• They congratulated me on passing all my exams.

Verb + preposition + gerund

apologise, insist

• They apologised for not coming.
• He insisted on having dinner.

Verb + (that) + subject + verb

admit, agree, decide, deny, explain, insist, promise, recommend, suggest

• Sarah decided (that) the house needed cleaning.
• They recommended (that) we take the bus.

Exercises:

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=369

https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/upperint/grammar/grammar_07_022e?cc=global&selLanguage=en

http://mbonillo.xavierre.com/exercises/bch2/2bch2011/repvbR2bch1.htm

Homework for Tuesday 1st November

Homework

1/ Complete both worksheets on conditionals

2/ Print off and hand in your short story (task on blog)

3/ Purchase the novel Purple Hibiscus

4/ Create your own Quizlet lists for the phrasal verbs to get and to take (on blog)

Phrasal verbs: GET and TAKE

• Get across
• Get along / Get on with
• Get around
• Get at
• Get away
• Get down
• Get down to
• Get on
• Get out of
• Get over

Get across

= to communicate.

= to make someone understand something. (Especially if the details are too difficult to understand or if the person being explained to understands poorly).

• Although I couldn't speak the language, I managed to get my meaning across when necessary.
• Your meaning didn't really get across.
• He's not very good at getting his idea across.

Get along - Get on with

= to have a good / friendly relationship with someone.

(get on is used more in Britain)

• Even though there are six of them sharing the house, they all get on well with each other.
• He doesn't get along well with his mother-in-law.
• Our new boss is very easy to get on with.

Get around

1. = to become known. To spread or to circulate. If news or information gets around, people tell other people, so that soon many people know about it.

• It's a small place, so news and gossip get around pretty quickly.
• The news of his arrest got around quickly.
• News soon got around that Matthew was back in town.

2. = to find a way of avoiding a difficult or unpleasant situation, so that you don't have to deal with it.

• There is no way of getting around it - you are going to have to tell her the truth.
• Isn't there any way of getting around the regulations?

Get at

1. = to reach, to access to something.

• The cupboard is too high for me to get at.
• The report is locked in the cabinet and I can't get at them.

2. = to suggest something indirectly, to imply. (used only in the continuous tense)

• What exactly are you getting at? (=trying to say, suggest)

Get away

1. = to go away from someone or something

• Get away from me!
• Get away from that cake!
• It was so busy that Francisca couldn't get away from the phone all day.

2. = to escape from someone who is chasing you.

• They tried to get away from the police but they weren't quick enough.

3. = to have a holiday.

• We hope to get away for a couple of weeks around Christmas.

Get down

1. = to cause someone to be depressed.

• This weather is getting me down
• Don't let these problems get you down too much.

Get down to

1. = to reach the point of dealing with something.

2. = to begin to work on something seriously. To give serious attention to something.

3. = to finally start doing something, after you have been avoiding it or after something has prevented you from doing it.

• Now, let's get down to business
• It's time I got down to some serious work.
• Once it is Summer, we will get down to painting the house.

 

Get on

1. = to put yourself on or in something

• I get on the bus at 8am every morning.
• We got on the train just before it left.

2. = to remind someone to do something; to continue

• Your story is taking all day. Get on with it!

Get out of

1. = to avoid something

• He always tells his parents he has homework to get out of doing the dishes.
• She was lucky to get out of that dangerous situation.

2. = to physically remove yourself from somewhere or something

• I got out of bed as soon as my alarm went off.
• The police officer told me to get out of the car.

Get over

1. = to recover from something or return to your usual state of health or happiness.

• I thought he would never get over her illness.
• It took her a long time to get over their separation.
• He never got over the shock of losing his wife.

2. = to overcome or deal with or gain control of something.

• She can't get over her shyness.

Can't get over

1. = to be amazed or surprised by something.

• I can't get over how much your kids have grown.

PRACTICE:

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/190.html

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs/exercises?16

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/phrasal-verbs/4pv17-get.php

Below we have a list of Phrasal verbs that begin with TAKE and then an explanation of each one with some examples.

• Take after (somebody)
• Take apart
• Take back
• Take down
• Take in
• Take off
• Take on
• Take out
• Take over
• Take up

This is not a complete list. 

Take after (somebody)

(to resemble somebody else, usually a family member)

• Mark is so hot-headed. He takes after his father.

Take apart

(to disassemble something)

• He took his laptop apart to see if he could fix its problem.

Take back

(to admit wrongdoing)

• You're right - I take back what I said, it was totally inappropriate.

Take down

(to dismantle)

• It's time to take down the Christmas tree until next year.

Take (somebody) in

(to allow someone to stay in your house)

• They took in the refugees while they found a more permanent place to stay.

(to be deceived or swindled)

• She was taken in by all his lies.

Take (something) in

(to observe something)

• They took in every detail to tell their friends about it later.

(to make a piece of clothing narrower or tighter)

• She had lost weight so the dress had to be taken in more at the waist.

Take off

(to leave the ground and fly)

• The plane was able to take off once the runway was clear.
• When does the plane take off?

(to become popular or successful)

• That new song by Samantha Star has really taken off in the charts.

(to leave a place quickly - colloquial)

• Sorry, but I have to take off now since my partner is waiting for me at the restaurant.

Take on

(to hire/employ)

• The department store took on more staff over the busy Christmas period.

Take out

(to remove)

• The robber took out his gun and shot the guard in the bank.
• He took the onion out of the sandwich because he doesn't like it.

(to go on a date with someone)

• Where is he taking you out? - We're going to that new restaurant on Woodward street.

Take over

(to take control of something)

• Fabio Capello has taken over as the new manager of the football team.

Take up

(to begin a sport, hobby or a challenge)

• He took up karate at a young age and is now an expert.

(to fill space)

• That sofa takes up a lot of space in the living room.

PRACTICE:

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/phrasal-verbs-take1.html

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/205.html

Work to be completed during cover lesson Tuesday 18th October

TASK 1

Complete these 2 online exercises that were in the grammar/vocabulary exam. Check your answers online and if you have any doubts take note of them and we can discuss them after the holiday.

http://www.flo-joe.co.uk/cae/students/tests/wfts1.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional10.htm

TASK 2

Write a 400 word short story based on the image below.

You must include:

• A clear narrative structure
• Literary techniques (metaphors, similes, personifications, onomatopoeias)
• Adverbs of manner and frequency
• Direct speech
• Connectives

Homework

Print off and hand in your short story 1st lesson back after the holiday. 

Story telling - Connectives

Therefore / Consequently / Hence/ Thus = as a result / for this reason

Example: The little girl could not reach the doll, and could not help it down, and therefore she cried.

(Even) Though / Although / In spite of / despite

•Example : 

–Although he didn’t quite trust her, he decided that the best option was to follow her.

–In spite of not quite trusting her, he decided that the best option was to follow her.

Otherwise/ Unless

•Example : 

–He had to do it, otherwise his peers would mock him forerver.

–He had to do it, unless he wanted his peers to mock him forever.

Furthermore / Moreover / Besides = In addition / Another thing

•Example : This governor is an incompetent leader. Furthermore, his government is financially irresponsible.

However / Nevertheless

Example: 

He was petrified and he was shaking. However, he continued down the creepy corridor.

PRACTICE:

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=233 (EXERCISE 3 ONLY!)

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1792

http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/gc-connectives.html

http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/upper-intermediate/upper-intermediate-grammar-exercise-despite-in-spite-of-although-even-though